Hardness

Hardness is the resistance of minerals to scratching or abrasion. It is one of the easiest properties to study and it is a very useful diagnostic tool for the classification of unknown minerals. In 1812 a German mineralogist, Frederich Mohs, devised a hardness scale of rocks by selecting ten common minerals. This scale, commonly known as the Mohs scale, is now regarded as standard for the classification of rock hardness. The table below lists the set of minerals selected by Mohs and their hardness. It is important to note that this is not a linear scale, so for example, Corundum with a designated hardness number of 8 is twice as hard as Topaz (hardness 7), but four times as soft as Diamond. There are easily obtainable hardness sets to measure the hardness of unknown specimens. The picture next to the Mohs scale shows one of them. If you have a reasonable number of rocks you can probably assemble the scale from your own collection. More advanced sets are now also on the market based on pens containing tips of different hardness(see picture on the top left) but these are more expensive. If you do not want to buy anything commercially, you can still get a long way in finding out the hardness of your specimen if you know that:

• the hardness of 1 feels greasy and is very soft and powdery
• a fingernail has a hardness of about 2.5
• steel knife will scratch anything below 5.5
• any rocks and minerals of hardness 6 and above will scratch glass.

Mohs Scale
Mineral ________	Hardness ________
Talc	1
Gypsum	2
Calcite	3
Fluorite	4
Apatite	5
Orthoclase	6
Quartz	7
Topaz	8
Corundum	9
Diamond	10	Hardness Set

      Density

Density is defined as the average mass per unit volume and is another fundamental property of rocks and minerals. Density is usually expressed as grams per cubic centimeter. Density depends on several factors including the kind of atoms in the structure and how closely they pack together - the heavier the atoms or the more closely packed they are, the greater the density. Obtaining rock density is simple and can be done in three steps:

1. weigh the rock in air
2. weigh the rock while it is submerged in water
3. calculate the density:
   Density = (Weight in air) / [(Weight in air) - (Weight in water)]

However, if you do not have a balance from which you can suspend a rock on a string and immerse it in water; there is another method:

1. Weigh the rock in air
2. Pour water into a graduated cylinder up to an easily-read value, such as 50 milliliters and record the number.
3. Immerse your specimen in the cylinder and record the new value in millimeters
4. The volume of the mineral equals the difference between the two volumes (3-2). 1 milliliter = 1 cubic centimeter.
5. Density = Mass (g) / Volume (cm3)

      Cleavage and Fracture

Cleavage or fracture describes the way the mineral breaks.

It is called:
Cleavage - if the mineral breaks along a plane surface, parallel to the crystal face. Cleavage occurs because of the differences in the strength of the bonds between different atoms or planes of atoms. A good example of a mineral which cleaves is mica. Mica splits easily into thin sheets. Galena is another example of mineral which cleaves. Galena breaks into cubes called “cubic cleavage". Aragonite is distinguished by a perfect rhombohedral cleavage.

cleavage into sheets	rhombohedral cleavage

Fracture - if the broken surface is irregular. There are a number of different types of fractures, for example Quartz breaks with conchoidal fractures whereas iron breaks with a so called hackly fracture.

conchoidal fracture	hackly fracture

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